The Hebrew verb describing the union that results in Hannahs miraculous conception is yada, translated knew. The story of the birth and vocation of Samuel at the beginning of 1 Samuel is regarded by critics as legendary because of a number of obviously unhistorical features. 1 Samuel 30. Eli possesses great spiritual status, being the ritual official of the temple at Shiloh, a hereditary position that his family had held for generations (see 2:2728). 1806 Houston's father, Major Samuel Houston, dies. By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. 3. WebSamuel was born about 1105BC and was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, from the tribe of Levi. The word of God is often a technical term referring to oracular message. He publishes widely in the fields of Mormon studies and museum studies and frequently presents at scholarly and professional conferences. The possibility of a covenant perspective, however, cannot be denied and may be profoundly appreciated as we seek to plumb the depths of this remarkable text. He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill. As a result, Elis extended family are cursed to beg for their sustenance in the future (2:1217, 36). Name: Mary. Impact. This issue carries significant economic, psychological, and social costs for the families affected. Given the customary role for dialogue in biblical Hebrew, it is entirely appropriate that the second half of the Samuel story (2:274:1a) is recounted almost exclusively in dialogue. The Amalekites are destroyed by David and his men. Once additional characters enter the story, readers become aware of its first type scene: the barren wife. And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him (3:1517). The paradigm serves as a frame of reference that allows us to examine each component in the context of the expectations aroused by its parallels in the other stories. If they do so, they are strengthened, enlarged, blessed, and sustained. From the present perspective, 1 Samuel 13 is an account of more than the birth of a remarkable prophet and the beginning of a radical transformation of Israels polity. Several difficulties in reconstructing the era of the Judges, including its chronology, during what archaeologists call Iron AgeI, are identified in Jo Ann Hackett, There Was No King in Israel: The Era of the Judges, in The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. David had been shuffled off to his fathers fields to work as a shepherd boy. While more than one priest could easily officiate at the temple, the fact that the story initially identifies Elis sons as priests of the Lord creates dramatic tensions that become central to the unfolding of the Samuel story. It is noteworthy that Gods first message to Samuel is a prophecy of doom. And she vowed a vow, and said, O Lord of hosts, if thou wilt indeed look on the affliction of thine handmaid, and remember me, and not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give unto thine handmaid a man child, then I will give him unto the Lord all the days of his life, and there shall no razor come upon his head. The fundamental bond of mutual remembrance that united God and man leads further to the observation that the covenant idea is obviously also important in this context: G.Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren, eds., Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, trans. Then Eli answered and said, Go in peace: and the Lord God of Israel grant thee thy petition that thou hast asked of him. They were not divided into two books until the Old Testament was translated into Greek. 36. This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. The Bible tells of many significant adults, but only a handful of significant pregnancies. By stark contrast, Hannah has neither formal status nor ritual position in the worship of JHWH. WebBible verses related to Samuel from the King James Version (KJV) by Relevance - Sort By Book Order 1 Samuel 3:1-18 - And the child Samuel ministered unto the LORD before Eli. The narrators specific comment that the priests eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see follows immediately the narrators general spiritual indictment of Israel: And the word of the Lord was precious [that is, rare] in those days; there was no open vision.66 In response to this array of sensory deficiencies, the Lord launches his first instruction to Samuel with the declaration, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle (3:11). Alter observes that biblical narrators develop in-depth characterization through the use of a complex array of literary tools: Through the report of actions; through appearance, gestures, posture, costume; through one characters comments on another; through direct speech by the character; through inward speech, either summarized or quoted as interior monologue; or through statements by the narrator about the attitudes and intentions of the personages, which may come as flat assertions or motivated explanations. Alter, Art, 11617. Few individual verses in the entire Hebrew Bible use waw more frequently.36 Based on its construction, this verse properly reads as a compounding sequence of increasingly significant events, culminating in Gods remembering Hannah, in the covenant sense described above. David is anointed king of Judah with the help of his allies and he makes Hebron as the capital of his new administration. 2 Samuel 2:7. The two major divergences in The First Book of Samuel lie in those passages that critics call the pro-monarchic source (1 Samuel 9:110:16) and those passages called the antimonarchic source (1 Samuel 8 and 10:1727). And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. Thus, Samuels dual descent may have qualified him, in terms of his lineage, to serve as priest as well as prophet and judge during his ministry. Knew not implies a defining and permanent condition for the sons of Eli; for Samuel, however, did not yet know implies a temporary and transitional condition that would soon be remedied. Visibility. Hence, references in this article to an author (singular) of the text are for heuristic, not documentary or analytical purposes. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. From the simplest and most direct perspective, the story of Samuels birth and calling can be best understood in covenant terms. That the narrator of 1Samuel 13 instructively employs this convention is evident from the paired customary behaviors of eating/drinking and fasting, on the one hand, and hearing and seeing, on the other. And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her. The king is chosen not by divine election but by lot, implying that no special qualities were required, and the bashful candidate has to be summoned from a hiding place. They that were full have hired out themselves for bread (2:5) anticipates Gods curse of Elis house, discussed below, in part because Elis sons and perhaps Eli himself had abused the sacrificial offering to satisfy their gluttony. Father Augustine Washington (1694-1743) Mother Mary Ball Washington (1708-1789) Brothers Samuel Washington (1734-1781) John Augustine The story of Samuels birth and calling sheds significant light on the larger biblical narrative of covenant Israel. And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the Lord, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; That the Lord called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. The institution of the monarchy and the election of the king occur according to the will of Yahweh as revealed to Samuel. And Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. put away thy wine from thee. This study claims that the significance of the story cannot be fully apprehended without an in-depth understanding of the expressive qualities of the text. Besides Samuels name, which the Lord utters four times during his calling (3:4, 6, 10), this message, which simultaneously calls Samuel and condemns Eli, constitutes the only words that God actually speaks in the Samuel story, despite the fact that he is its principal protagonist.63, Continuing the contrast with the ministry of the man of God, the text only alludes to Samuels subsequent communication with EliAnd Samuel told him every whit. It does not repeat one word of what the lad actually says to his mentor. Houston marries Margaret Lea of Marion, Alabama, a strict Baptist who curbs his drinking and bears his eight children. While some linkages may be incidental, most scholars recognize that an authors intentional linkages create a phenomenon that Adele Berlin, following Paul Werth, calls poetic effect, which she defines as the result of an interaction between verbal form and meaning. Adele Berlin, The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 10. If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? Polzin, Samuel, 39, contrasts the rather neutral narrative language of the beginning of the Samuel story with the highly judgmental language on this middle portion, preparing readers for the curse of the house of Eli and corresponding rise of Samuel. And he worshipped the Lord there. Prior to his call, Samuel did not yet know the Lord; neither was the word of the Lord yet revealed unto him.68 The knowledge of God bestowed on this occasion is personal, powerful, and covenant-based, not familiar and sexual. 40. Often, though not always, these firsts reveal essential character traits and roles. In contrast to the use of shakab (lie with) in the account of the promiscuity of Elis sons, discussed above, in the account of Samuels divine call, Eli instructs the lad repeatedly to shakab (lie down). Hannah declines, preferring instead to attend to her sons continuing needs. The contrast in meaning between the spiritual condition of the sons of Eli and that of Samuel in relation to this verb is revealed in the respective tenses. Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. They became so angry with Samuel that they threw him out of their city. 2829; 54n; 60 nn. And he answered, I called not, my son; lie down again. George Washington's Family. She fasts, she prays, she bears and nurtures, she sacrifices and gives thanks, she serves, and she remains faithful to her divine calling without any desire for personal position, recognition, or recompense.27 As a result, the narrative portrays Hannah as worthy of becoming the mother of one of Israels greatest prophets and of serving as a paragon of holiness in the Hebrew Bible. to set them among the princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the Lords, and he hath set the world upon them. Then Eli called Samuel, and said, . WebSamuel was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, and he was born at Ramathaim-zophim in the hill country of Ephraim. Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth. Berlin, Parallelism, 7, speaks for many in observing that biblical poetry is characterized by a high incidence of terse, balanced parallelism. While 1 Samuel 13 is structured mostly as a prose narrative, Hannahs song (2:110) is organized as a series of couplets, with a few triads added for aesthetic interest and interpretive emphasis. 53. Samuel was a Lamanite. Characterization: Parents and Children. In biblical Hebrew, shael has a double meaning: to request and to lend. WebSaul, along with three of his sons die in a battle with the Philistines. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. 2. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 3637, 43, systematically compares the miraculous birth narratives of the Hebrew Bible and summarizes this biblical scene type. Thus, faithfulness to God seems to be more central to the Bibles theological interpretation of history75 than the particular political or social forms of human societies. Broad perspectives, which Alter collectively calls narration, provide the authors commentary and expositionintroduce spatial, social, and temporal contexts and detail the relationship of the particular story to the larger narrative of biblical Israel. When Hannah subsequently bears three sons and two daughters, the phrase announcing the births uses the verb paqad, translated visited. Prior to Samuels birth, Hannah promises to give him to the Lord (1:11). The rate of decline averaged 4% from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8% in 2022. This narrative is the major piece in establishing the role of Samuel as a prophet, but it is questionable whether the prophet as a distinct religious figure had emerged among the Israelites at this early date. In gratitude she dedicated him to the service of the chief sanctuary of Shiloh, in the charge of the priest Eli. . Once Hannah becomes a mother in fact, her role vis--vis Samuel is considerably more profound. For example, Exodus 34; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1; Ezekiel 12. And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. While this verb has several different connotations in biblical Hebrew, the most general is, extend the hand in order to place an object at a specific place or to give it over to another person, with or without compensation, as a possession. The always busy Keke Palmer has added a new title to her long list of credits, and this one is much more important than all the others. The exposition also identifies the ritual officials at the temple of the Lord at Shiloh but in a casual, even offhand manner: And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, the priests of the Lord, were there. While this simple declarative sentence names the personnel with the greatest spiritual status at Shiloh, its specific language implies two concerns. The ancient designation of the two books of Samuel does not indicate that he is the author (in fact, his death is related in 1 Samuel 25) or the hero of the books; indeed, it is difficult to deduce what the title was intended to mean. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Reflecting the intimacy of Samuels first encounter with God and its profound effect, this segment of the story is recounted primarily as dialogue. Type Scene: Chosen Judge. And the child Samuel ministered unto the Lord before Eli. For comparable instances of this identical response elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, see Genesis 22:7; 27:1, 18; 31:11; 37:11; 46:2; Exodus 3:4. While it is possible to read the narrative of Samuels birth in other ways, a covenant perspective allows readers to interpret many, perhaps most, of its details from a single, unified point of view, thus revealing great interpretive depth to the text. am I not better to thee than ten sons? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The concept of covenant not only unifies this brief but auspicious narrative but also positions it centrally within the larger epic of Gods ancient covenant people in the holy land. And I will raise me up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind: and I will build him a sure house; and he shall walk before mine anointed for ever. TDOT, 12:5060. This study claims that the significance of the story cannot be fully appre- Elkanahs response, Do what seemeth thee good, dismissively concedes her commitment to care for her firstborn. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? (1:919), Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. The next eleven verses define the storys dramatic focus: Hannah pleads in desperation for a son, and the Lord blesses her accordingly. 993 BC. Throughout her victory song, no phrase is independent of another: all combine into either couplets or triads, creating a complex and meaningful unity of the whole and distinguishing the song from the surrounding prose narrative.46, Structuring Devices: Narrative Bridge. In his masterful study of The Iliad, the great classical scholar James M. Redfield offers an alternate perspective that is central to the present inquiry: Homer does not speak to us when we assign our meanings to his words or when we allow ourselves to be guided by our immediate response to his scenes. James M. Redfield, Nature and Culture in The Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), x. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. Parallelism is a general literary convention that links together different parts of the biblical text in a variety of customary and meaningful ways. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), xi. And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left in thine house shall come and crouch to him for a piece of silver and a morsel of bread, and shall say, Put me, I pray thee, into one of the priests offices, that I may eat a piece of bread. The narrators repeated mention of Elis diminished physical capacities symbolizes his advanced spiritual deficiencies. He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). Of particular interest is the sequence of events that culminates in Gods initial fulfillment of Hannahs vow: And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her.35 In these thirty-three English words, and appears six times. The childhood of Samuel is of great significance as seen when he is And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. In this account Samuel is a figure known through all Israel (a term of uncertain meaning at this period); his authority rests on his position as judge. On the other hand, focused perspectives, which Alter collectively calls dialogue, reveal individual character, illustrate social roles and relationships, and detail specific events and their meaningful consequences. 1807 Houston's mother moves the family to eastern Tennessee. The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. Rather it introduces readers to an approach that privileges the integrity of the received text. The segment opens with a brief narrative of Samuels birth and the continuation of the annual devotional at Ramah, punctuated by Hannahs reflection on the childs naming, which is expressed as direct speech.39 The rest of the segment consists of dialogues between Hannah and Elkanah (1:2223) and between Hannah and Eli (1:2628), with a brief narrative bridge uniting the two scenes (1:2425). The proposal of the elders of Israel to install a king was indignantly rejected by Samuel as infidelity to Yahweh, the God of Israel (chapter 8). As crafted, the account of Samuels calling corrects Israels general spiritual malaise (see 3:1), makes explicit Samuels newfound, firsthand knowledge of God (see 3:7), and establishes Samuels role as prophet of the Lord among all Israel (3:20, 4:1a). By contrast, Eli and his sons turn from their covenant obligations in multiple ways and are consequently eternally cursed. She neither retreats from nor attempts to renegotiate the terms of her sacred vow. As a child, Samuel, heard from God that he was going to be a prophet and judge in Israel. And the Lord visited Hannah, so that she conceived, and bare three sons and two daughters. Samuels rise to prominence was anticipated and guided by the Lord, Samuel would be sustained by God in his challenging but crucial ministry, and. The parallel syntax and barrage of ands, far from being the reflex of a primitive language, are as artfully effective in furthering the ends of the narrative as any device one could find in a sophisticated modern novelist. Alter, Moses, xxviixxviii, emphasis in original. Repetitions of this kind, especially in the unusually truncated narrative of the Hebrew Bible, focus readers attention on details of great significance to the overall story. Lenn J. Schramm (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 5172. Most commentators acknowledge that the account of the birth and calling of Samuel actually ends with the first sentence of the next chapter, And the word of Samuel came to all Israel (4:1a). QUICK FACTS. The present study acknowledges but does not address the numerous historiographical issues related to 1 Samuel 13. There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). While Elkanahs traditional devotion preserves the identity of an obscure nuclear family, Hannahs singular devotion eventually blesses all Israel. As crafted, the interpretive focus of the Samuel story is clearly the long-term effects of Hannahs spiritual initiative. Characterization: Messengers of God. We compared the results of the SVV test in two groups of children with ages ranging from 7 to 10 years. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Throughout this study, unless otherwise noted, I have relied on the following standard sources for the meaning of individual Hebrew words and phrases: James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Abington Press, 1890, 1973 printing); and Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, Mass. Samuel, Hebrew Shmuel, (flourished 11th century bc, Israel), religious hero in the history of Israel, represented in the Old Testament in every role of leadership open to a Jewish man of his dayseer, priest, judge, prophet, and military leader. Also there was peace between Israel and the Amorites (1 Samuel 7:13-14). Samuels life serves as an example for believers today. Key principles include his obedience to God from the time he was a youth, his faith ( Hebrews 11:32) and his willingness to intercede for others ( Jeremiah 15:1 ). WebAlthough George Washington never had any biological children, he did have a rather large family, comprised of his many siblings, step-children, and step-grandchildren. This usage introduces another meaningful connotation of the verb, shakab, in relation to yada (know). Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. To keep readers focused on the storys central purpose, the narrator adds a bit of narrative commentary on Samuels faithful service before and after each vignette (2:11b, 18, 21b, 26). It is said of an eccentric schoolmaster in Germany, who lived about 300 WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. 3:21), it begins in virtual obscurity, making its outcome all the more miraculous. In their first encounter, Eli accuses Hannah of wanton drunkenness, which she respectfully denies with the plea, Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial (1:16). David was young when Samuel found him. International Standard Version The LORD took note of Hannah, and she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. . Zakhor carries strong connotations of spiritual identity and covenant commitment, not simply cognitive awareness.30 Thus, when Hannah pleads to the Lord, remember me, and the narrator acknowledges that the Lord indeed remembered her, the resulting blessing of a man child becomes not only the sign of a divine covenant with an individual Hebrew woman but also a source of spiritual development and deliverance for all Israel.31. The rate of decline averaged 4% from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8% in 2022. While Samuel ministered to the Lord (1 Samuel 2:18). There are also two different accounts of the rejection of Saul by Samuel. Karath also connotes destruction but is more widely used in the Hebrew Bible with stronger and more explicit reference to breaking a covenant (for example, Genesis 9:11; Exodus 4:25; 12:15, 19; Leviticus 17:414; 20:318; Numbers 15:3031). James Limburg, Psalms, Book of, in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. Birth Year: 1797. God, in turn, gives Hannah a man child according to her supplication, who then becomes a prophet unto all Israel. Thus, God manifests his goodness by fulfilling Hannahs vow in ways that she could not possibly have imagined beforehand or accomplished herself. Characterization: Husband and Wife. And the child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the Lord, and also with men. As crafted, the story focuses on Hannahs compelling spiritual need, which drives her to the temple, fasting in bitterness of soul. In her private devotion, Hannah neither undercuts her husbands patriarchal authority nor repudiates his ritual status in the family. Subsequently bears three sons and two daughters, the story is recounted primarily as dialogue technical... Of significant pregnancies Saul by Samuel, and the man Elkanah, and his vow Bloomington Indiana... 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