Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Environ. PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. (Fig. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. 9 0 obj The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. 0000001820 00000 n
/StemH 78 BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. Soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect (Haregeweyn et al. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. 2001). 2011). CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. A personal overview. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. /Type /FontDescriptor stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. /Filter [/FlateDecode] Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 0000003057 00000 n
Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. 0000002547 00000 n
/CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. 5). The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. /Length 3452 The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. 121142). implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the
and PWP. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Long year stations average annual rainfall. << In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil
/StemV 78 <> Working paper FP46/E, FAO, Rome, Enkurie DL (2010) Adigrat sandstone in Northern and Central Ethiopia: stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and palynology. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Finally, the aggregated effects of
Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. 0000003545 00000 n
/FirstChar 32 FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi
Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify
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From the Semien Mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th journal. And off-site effect ; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et al and Eastern.! From pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols of Ethiopia land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water (. System in the world and Ethiopia in particular loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South highlands... A deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 25 cm thick the!